BERAPA JUMLAH PENGUNJUNG YANG SEHARUSNYA DITERIMA OLEH PENGUSAHA PARIWISATA PADA SAAT PANDEMI COVID-19?
Kata Kunci:
Daya Tampung Pengunjung, COVID-19, carrying capacity
Abstrak
Membatasi jumlah pengunjung merupakan salah satu upaya terbaik yang dapat dilakukan pengusaha pariwisata agar dapat tetap beroperasi dengan aman di masa pandemi COVID-19. Sayangnya, metode untuk menentukan jumlah maksimum pengunjung yang dapat diterima dengan aman selama pandemi tidak tersedia. Artikel ini menjelaskan cara menentukan jumlah pengunjung maksimal yang dapat diterima dengan menggunakan studi kasus berupa sebuah kafe seafood yang terletak di Pantai Kedonganan Bali. Metode penentuan yang diusulkan menggunakan rumus daya dukung pariwisata (tourism carrying capacity) yang dimodifikasi dengan memasukkan faktor jarak fisik dan faktor koreksi lainnya yang relevan dengan situasi pandemi COVID-19, seperti penutupan sementara destinasi, daya tarik, dan bisnis pariwisata, ke dalam persamaan. Artikel ini menunjukkan bagaimana modifikasi yang dilakukan terhadap formula carrying capacity dapat menghasilkan formula penentuan jumlah pengunjung maksimal yang dapat diterima selama pandemi dengan tetap mengutamakan keselamatan pengunjung dan pekerja sebagai prioritas utama. Artikel ini juga menunjukkan bagaimana formula yang dimodifikasi dapat menghitung jumlah maksimum pengunjung yang dapat diterima oleh operator usaha jasa pariwisata selama Pandemi COVID-19. Artikel ini memberikan sumbangsih pemikiran dalam menghasilkan metode penentuan jumlah pengunjung maksimal yang dapat diterima apabila di masa depan industri pariwisata kembali menghadapi situasi serupa dimana pergerakan dan interaksi wisatawan sebagai esensi pariwisata dapat mengancam keselamatan mereka.
Referensi
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Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2022). The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(3), 1537–1545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
Bali, P. P. (2020). Surat Edaran Nomor 3355 Tahun 2020 Tentang Protokol Tatanan Kehidupan Era Baru.
Broche-Pérez, Y., Fernández-Fleites, Z., Jiménez-Puig, E., Fernández-Castillo, E., & Rodríguez-Martin, B. C. (2022). Gender and Fear of COVID-19 in a Cuban Population Sample. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(1), 83–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00343-8
Cifuentes Arias, M., Mesquita, C. A. B., Mendez, J., Morales, M. E., Aguilar, N., Cancino, D., Gallo, M., Jolon, M., Ramirez, C., Ribeiro, N., Sandoval, E., & Turcios, M. (1999). Capacidad de Carga Turística de las Áreas de Uso Público del Monumento Nacional Guayabo, Costa Rica.
Cifuentes, M. (1992). Determinacion De Capacidad De Carga Turistica En Areas Protegidas (p. 26).
Corbau, C., Benedetto, G., Congiatu, P. P., Simeoni, U., & Carboni, D. (2019). Tourism analysis at Asinara Island (Italy): Carrying capacity and web evaluations in two pocket beaches. Ocean and Coastal Management, 169(December 2018), 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.12.004
De Sousa, R. C., Pereira, L. C. C., Da Costa, R. M., & Jiménez, J. A. (2014). Tourism carrying capacity on estuarine beaches in the Brazilian Amazon region. Journal of Coastal Research, 70, 545–550. https://doi.org/10.2112/SI70-092.1
Elshaer, A. M. (2022). Restaurants’ Response to COVID-19 Pandemic: The Realm of Egyptian Independent Restaurants. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality and Tourism, 23(3), 716–747. https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008X.2021.1911732
FAO, & WHO. (2020). COVID-19 and Food Safety: Guidance for food businesses: Interim guidance. COVID-19 and Food Safety: Guidance for Food Businesses: Interim Guidance. https://doi.org/WHO/2019-nCoV/Food_Safety/2020.1
Findlater, A., & Bogoch, I. I. (2018). Human Mobility and the Global Spread of Infectious Diseases: A Focus on Air Travel. Trends in Parasitology, 34(9), 772–783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2018.07.004
Gössling, S., Scott, D., & Hall, C. M. (2020). Pandemics, tourism and global change: a rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1758708
Jamal, T., & Budke, C. (2020). Tourism in a world with pandemics: local-global responsibility and action. Journal of Tourism Futures, 6(2), 181–188. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-02-2020-0014
Kementerian Pariwisata dan Ekonomi Kreatif/Badan Pariwisata dan Ekonomi Kreatif. (2020). Panduan Pelaksanaan Kebersihan, Kesehatan, Keselamatan dan Kelestarian Lingkungan di Restoran / Rumah Makan (Vol. 2019). https://chse.kemenparekraf.go.id/storage/app/media/dokumen/Pedoman_Restoran.pdf
Laksito, I. Y., & Yudiarta, I. G. A. (2021). Grey Forecasting of Inbound Tourism to Bali and Financial Loses from the COVID-19. International Journal of Grey Systems, 1(1), 48–57. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.52812/ijgs.17
Maldonado, E., & Montagnini, F. (2004). Carrying capacity of La Tigra National Park, Honduras: Can the park be self-sustainable? Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 19(4), 29–48. https://doi.org/10.1300/J091v19n04_03
Martínez-lorca, A., Dolores, M., Armesilla, C., Latorre, J. M., & Criado-álvarez, J. J. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 scale: Validation in spanish university students Manuela. January.
Mu, X., Yeh, A. G. O., & Zhang, X. (2021). The interplay of spatial spread of COVID-19 and human mobility in the urban system of China during the Chinese New Year. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 48(7), 1955–1971. https://doi.org/10.1177/2399808320954211
Murray, A. T. (2020). Planning for classroom physical distancing to minimize the threat of COVID-19 disease spread. PLoS ONE, 15(12 December), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243345
Reznik, A., Gritsenko, V., Konstantinov, V., Khamenka, N., & Isralowitz, R. (2021). COVID-19 Fear in Eastern Europe: Validation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(5), 1903–1908. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00283-3
Rocha, C. H. B., Fontoura, L. M., Vale, W. B. do, Castro, L. F. de P., da Silva, A. L. F., Prado, T. de O., & da Silveira, F. J. (2021). Carrying capacity and impact indicators: analysis and suggestions for sustainable tourism in protected areas–Brazil. World Leisure Journal, 63(1), 73–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/16078055.2021.1888000
Rodella, I., Madau, F., Mazzanti, M., Corbau, C., Carboni, D., Simeoni, U., & Parente, L. (2020). Carrying capacity as tool for beach economic value assessment (case studies of Italian beaches). Ocean and Coastal Management, 189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105130
Sun, J., Sarfraz, M., Khawaja, K. F., Ozturk, I., & Raza, M. A. (2022). The Perils of the Pandemic for the Tourism and Hospitality Industries: Envisaging the Combined Effect of COVID-19 Fear and Job Insecurity on Employees’ Job Performance in Pakistan. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 15, 1325–1346. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S365972
Sunkar, A., Lakspriyanti, A. P., Haryono, E., Brahmi, M., Setiawan, P., & Jaya, A. F. (2022). Geotourism Hazards and Carrying Capacity in Geosites of Sangkulirang-Mangkalihat Karst, Indonesia. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031704
Teng, Y. M., Wu, K. S., & Xu, D. (2021). The Association Between Fear of Coronavirus Disease 2019, Mental Health, and Turnover Intention Among Quarantine Hotel Employees in China. Frontiers in Public Health, 9(May). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.668774
Thomas, N., Jana, A., & Bandyopadhyay, S. (2020). Physical distancing on public transport in Mumbai, India: Policy and planning implications for unlock and post-pandemic period. January.
UNWTO. (2020). Global Guidelines to Restart Tourism (Issue May).
Wilder-Smith, A. (2021). COVID-19 in comparison with other emerging viral diseases: risk of geographic spread via travel. Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines, 7(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40794-020-00129-9
Yin, J., & Ni, Y. (2021). COVID-19 event strength, psychological safety, and avoidance coping behaviors for employees in the tourism industry. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 47(151), 431–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.04.017
Yuniti, I. G. A. D., Sasmita, N., Komara, L. L., Purba, J. H., & Pandawani, N. P. (2020). The Impact of Covid-19 on Community Life in the Province of Bali , Indonesia. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24(10), 1918–1929.
Zacarias, D. A., Williams, A. T., & Newton, A. (2011). Recreation carrying capacity estimations to support beach management at Praia de Faro, Portugal. Applied Geography, 31(3), 1075–1081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.01.020
Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2022). The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(3), 1537–1545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
Bali, P. P. (2020). Surat Edaran Nomor 3355 Tahun 2020 Tentang Protokol Tatanan Kehidupan Era Baru.
Broche-Pérez, Y., Fernández-Fleites, Z., Jiménez-Puig, E., Fernández-Castillo, E., & Rodríguez-Martin, B. C. (2022). Gender and Fear of COVID-19 in a Cuban Population Sample. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(1), 83–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00343-8
Cifuentes Arias, M., Mesquita, C. A. B., Mendez, J., Morales, M. E., Aguilar, N., Cancino, D., Gallo, M., Jolon, M., Ramirez, C., Ribeiro, N., Sandoval, E., & Turcios, M. (1999). Capacidad de Carga Turística de las Áreas de Uso Público del Monumento Nacional Guayabo, Costa Rica.
Cifuentes, M. (1992). Determinacion De Capacidad De Carga Turistica En Areas Protegidas (p. 26).
Corbau, C., Benedetto, G., Congiatu, P. P., Simeoni, U., & Carboni, D. (2019). Tourism analysis at Asinara Island (Italy): Carrying capacity and web evaluations in two pocket beaches. Ocean and Coastal Management, 169(December 2018), 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.12.004
De Sousa, R. C., Pereira, L. C. C., Da Costa, R. M., & Jiménez, J. A. (2014). Tourism carrying capacity on estuarine beaches in the Brazilian Amazon region. Journal of Coastal Research, 70, 545–550. https://doi.org/10.2112/SI70-092.1
Elshaer, A. M. (2022). Restaurants’ Response to COVID-19 Pandemic: The Realm of Egyptian Independent Restaurants. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality and Tourism, 23(3), 716–747. https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008X.2021.1911732
FAO, & WHO. (2020). COVID-19 and Food Safety: Guidance for food businesses: Interim guidance. COVID-19 and Food Safety: Guidance for Food Businesses: Interim Guidance. https://doi.org/WHO/2019-nCoV/Food_Safety/2020.1
Findlater, A., & Bogoch, I. I. (2018). Human Mobility and the Global Spread of Infectious Diseases: A Focus on Air Travel. Trends in Parasitology, 34(9), 772–783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2018.07.004
Gössling, S., Scott, D., & Hall, C. M. (2020). Pandemics, tourism and global change: a rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1758708
Jamal, T., & Budke, C. (2020). Tourism in a world with pandemics: local-global responsibility and action. Journal of Tourism Futures, 6(2), 181–188. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-02-2020-0014
Kementerian Pariwisata dan Ekonomi Kreatif/Badan Pariwisata dan Ekonomi Kreatif. (2020). Panduan Pelaksanaan Kebersihan, Kesehatan, Keselamatan dan Kelestarian Lingkungan di Restoran / Rumah Makan (Vol. 2019). https://chse.kemenparekraf.go.id/storage/app/media/dokumen/Pedoman_Restoran.pdf
Laksito, I. Y., & Yudiarta, I. G. A. (2021). Grey Forecasting of Inbound Tourism to Bali and Financial Loses from the COVID-19. International Journal of Grey Systems, 1(1), 48–57. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.52812/ijgs.17
Maldonado, E., & Montagnini, F. (2004). Carrying capacity of La Tigra National Park, Honduras: Can the park be self-sustainable? Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 19(4), 29–48. https://doi.org/10.1300/J091v19n04_03
Martínez-lorca, A., Dolores, M., Armesilla, C., Latorre, J. M., & Criado-álvarez, J. J. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 scale: Validation in spanish university students Manuela. January.
Mu, X., Yeh, A. G. O., & Zhang, X. (2021). The interplay of spatial spread of COVID-19 and human mobility in the urban system of China during the Chinese New Year. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 48(7), 1955–1971. https://doi.org/10.1177/2399808320954211
Murray, A. T. (2020). Planning for classroom physical distancing to minimize the threat of COVID-19 disease spread. PLoS ONE, 15(12 December), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243345
Reznik, A., Gritsenko, V., Konstantinov, V., Khamenka, N., & Isralowitz, R. (2021). COVID-19 Fear in Eastern Europe: Validation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(5), 1903–1908. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00283-3
Rocha, C. H. B., Fontoura, L. M., Vale, W. B. do, Castro, L. F. de P., da Silva, A. L. F., Prado, T. de O., & da Silveira, F. J. (2021). Carrying capacity and impact indicators: analysis and suggestions for sustainable tourism in protected areas–Brazil. World Leisure Journal, 63(1), 73–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/16078055.2021.1888000
Rodella, I., Madau, F., Mazzanti, M., Corbau, C., Carboni, D., Simeoni, U., & Parente, L. (2020). Carrying capacity as tool for beach economic value assessment (case studies of Italian beaches). Ocean and Coastal Management, 189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105130
Sun, J., Sarfraz, M., Khawaja, K. F., Ozturk, I., & Raza, M. A. (2022). The Perils of the Pandemic for the Tourism and Hospitality Industries: Envisaging the Combined Effect of COVID-19 Fear and Job Insecurity on Employees’ Job Performance in Pakistan. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 15, 1325–1346. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S365972
Sunkar, A., Lakspriyanti, A. P., Haryono, E., Brahmi, M., Setiawan, P., & Jaya, A. F. (2022). Geotourism Hazards and Carrying Capacity in Geosites of Sangkulirang-Mangkalihat Karst, Indonesia. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031704
Teng, Y. M., Wu, K. S., & Xu, D. (2021). The Association Between Fear of Coronavirus Disease 2019, Mental Health, and Turnover Intention Among Quarantine Hotel Employees in China. Frontiers in Public Health, 9(May). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.668774
Thomas, N., Jana, A., & Bandyopadhyay, S. (2020). Physical distancing on public transport in Mumbai, India: Policy and planning implications for unlock and post-pandemic period. January.
UNWTO. (2020). Global Guidelines to Restart Tourism (Issue May).
Wilder-Smith, A. (2021). COVID-19 in comparison with other emerging viral diseases: risk of geographic spread via travel. Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines, 7(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40794-020-00129-9
Yin, J., & Ni, Y. (2021). COVID-19 event strength, psychological safety, and avoidance coping behaviors for employees in the tourism industry. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 47(151), 431–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.04.017
Yuniti, I. G. A. D., Sasmita, N., Komara, L. L., Purba, J. H., & Pandawani, N. P. (2020). The Impact of Covid-19 on Community Life in the Province of Bali , Indonesia. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24(10), 1918–1929.
Zacarias, D. A., Williams, A. T., & Newton, A. (2011). Recreation carrying capacity estimations to support beach management at Praia de Faro, Portugal. Applied Geography, 31(3), 1075–1081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.01.020
Diterbitkan
2025-02-01
##submission.howToCite##
Suasapha, A., Tirtawati, N. M., Dianasari, D. A. M., Iswarini, N. K., & Sudiarta, I. N. (2025). BERAPA JUMLAH PENGUNJUNG YANG SEHARUSNYA DITERIMA OLEH PENGUSAHA PARIWISATA PADA SAAT PANDEMI COVID-19?. Paryaṭaka Jurnal Pariwisata Budaya Dan Keagamaan, 3(2), 367-378. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.53977/pyt.v3i2.2433
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